Saturday, August 31, 2019

Briefly outline the main features of the ‘Wuthering Heights’ and ‘The Woman in Black’

The Gothic genre became popular in the mid-eighteeth centuary when ‘The Castle of Otranto' by Horace Warpole was written. Emily Bronte was influence by ‘The Bridegroom of Barna', published in the nineteenth centuary when writing ‘Wuthering Heights'. Today, the equivalent of the Gothic novel a horror novel by writers such as Steven King. â€Å"The Woman in Black' is a modern novel with Gothic influences. The main features of the Gothic novels were the main character, usually an anti hero: dark, demonic and motivated by inhuman cruelty. This man usually had mysterious origins and did not value many of society's morals. Later, in the nineteenth centuary when the Romantic movement developed, the Gothic anti-hero became the Byronic hero in many novels. Like the Gothic protagonist, the Byronic hero usually had a mysterious past, as well as dark, good looks and a hatred for society's moral laws. Heathcliff, in Emily Bronte's novel ‘Wuthering Heights', is a good example of a Byronic hero. Another important feature of many Gothic novels is the setting. Gothic novels are usually set in a grim, hostile landscape often on a deserted moor or marsh, as in the case of ‘Wuthering Heights' and Susan Hill's ‘The Woman in Black'. Such grim landscape often mirrors the character of the hero. There are also references to the supernatural in many of these novels, such as the ghost of Jennet Humfrye in ‘The Woman in Black' or the ghost of Cathy in ‘Wuthering Heights'. There is also a strong supernatural element in these stories often linked to the main character. Revenge is usually a strong theme in Gothic novels. The anti hero often seeks revenge against the people around him, perhaps because of some earlier wrong he was the victim of or simply against society in general, because of the alienation he feels he has suffered. For example, in ‘Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff revenges himself against Hindley's son Hareton because of the pain Hindley caused him when he was alive. Other features of Gothic novels include the presence of an ancient retainer, usually an old man. There is also usually a victim, often a fair haired young woman. She is supposed to represent good and the moral values which the anti hero is trying so hard to destroy. The idea of a Gothic anti hero is particular prominent in ‘Wuthering Heights'. In this book the main character is Heathcliff, an orphan who is brought to Wuthering Heights by the old Mr Earnshaw in his childhood. Like most Gothic heroes, Heathcliff has dark, good looks, a mysterious past and an unquenchable desire to revenge himself on the people he feels have wronged him. The story of ‘Wuthering Heights' revolves around Heathcliff's life and his relationship with his ‘soul-mate' Cathy. Heathcliff's looks, and in particular his eyes are described by the housekeeper and narrator Nelly as â€Å"that couple of black fiends, so deeply buried, who never open their windows boldly†. Later in the book Heathcliff is contrasted with Cathy's future husband Edgar Linton: â€Å"The contrast resembled what you see in exchanging a bleak, hilly, coal country for a beautiful, fertile valley†. This description not only describes Heathcliff's looks but also his charater, bleak suggesting his personality and â€Å"hilly† describing the mood swings he has. Heathcliff's desire for revenge against Edgar Linton, Hindley Earnshaw and, to a certain extent, Cathy, is shown by his actions during the novel. He abuses Hindley's son Hareton, as well as Edgar's sister Isabella and his daughter Catherine. In contrast to ‘Wuthering Heights', ‘The Woman in Black' does not have a clear anti hero. Instead there are two characters who share this role. They are Arthur Kipps and the woman in black, Jennet Humfrye. Kipps is not the traditional Gothic hero because he does not have dark, good looks or a mysterious past. Instead, he is more like Lockwood or Edgar Linton in ‘Wuthering Heights'. The other main character shares some of the traits of the revenger and the victim in many Gothic novels. Jennet Humfrye is a ghost who had lost a child she had out of wedlock and died of a wasting disease. She is now revenging herself on innocent victims. Whilst the idea of revenge is similar to the Gothic hero, Humfrye is a very different character because she is dead and also a woman. She is also not a traditional Gothic victim, because despite being female she has a wasting disease and therefore isn't beautiful. She also does not embody the positives of society, such as chastity until marriage that most Gothic victims do. The setting and atmosphere in ‘Wuthering Heights' and ‘The Woman in Black' is also an important feature of both novels. The setting is one of biggest similarities between the two books as both are set in grim, inhospitable landscapes- ‘Wuthering Heights' on the Yorkshire Moors and ‘The Woman in Black' on a bleak marshland. Another similarity is the houses where the two novels are set: Wuthering Heights and Eel Marsh House. Both houses are bleak and very isolated. Arthur Kipps first describes Eel Marsh House as â€Å"a tall, gaunt house of grey stone†. There is a lot of adverse weather such as storms in both books. This echoes the personalities of the main characters and also helps to add even more tension and atmosphere to the plot. For example in ‘The Woman in Black', when Kipps discovers the nursery has been wrecked, there is a storm going on outside. He is unsure whether the nursery has been damaged by the storm or whether Jennet Humfrye has been there. The intrusion of the supernatural features in both novels. In ‘Wuthering Heights', it occurs at the beginning and at the end of the book, where Lockwood and then Heathcliff encounter the ghost of Cathy. ‘The Woman in Black' is basically a ghost story and therefore the intrusion of the supernatural is a major part of the plot. In both books there is confusion between reality and the supernatural. In ‘Wuthering Heights' this occurs when Lockwood encounters Cathy's ghost. It is quite clear to the reader that Cathy's ghost did actually appear but Lockwood manages to convince himself that he was dreaming, overlooking the broken window and the fact that he never went to sleep. In ‘The Woman in Black', Arthur Kipps is very sceptical about the existence of the woman in black to begin with and does not recognise the ghost when he first encounters her, describing her as â€Å"another mourner, a woman†. There are, however, clues that the woman is a ghost, just like in Wuthering Heights. She is dressed in a very old fashioned dress and disappears very suddenly. I think elements of the Gothic genre are used very effectively in both ‘The Woman in Black' and ‘Wuthering Heights', especially since neither novel is specifically a Gothic novel. I think that the theme of revenge is most prominent in ‘Wuthering Heights' because it is the driving force behind the passion of Heathcliff's character. I think the setting of the story is used to great effect in ‘The Woman in Black' because the adverse weather and desolate marsh add a lot of atmosphere and tension to the plot. I personally prefer ‘Wuthering Heights' because I feel that Emily Bronte has managed to create characters with great depth and has managed to effectively portray the passion between Heathcliff and Cathy. Also, whilst ‘Wuthering Heights' does have Gothic features to it, Bronte does not let them compromise the storyline in any way.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Extending High School

I don’t think high school should be extended to five years. Many students can barely make it past the first couple years. If high school is extended, then there will be an increase in the number of student dropouts. There will be a decrease in the number of high school graduates. Many students don’t like school, so an additional year may just be too much. Eventually, they will decide to drop out. More conflict will arise for those students who do not get along well with others. Most students think of school as a chore and not a privilege.They are desperate to get out of school. Adding another year will only discourage them in continuing their education. They will begin to feel like school will get them nowhere because they have been there for so long. Educationally speaking, there is little academic reason to extend high school. Increasing the time will only decrease the difficulty of the courses and not prepare students for college classes. Most middle schools do a gre at job in keeping students that want to excel in their studies get a head start for high school.In most districts, students who excel academically, and need less time in high school, have opportunities to take college level classes before graduating. If a student did not do well in high school, and decides to go back and receive his/her diploma, he/she can take remedial classes at a community college. They can then get a better job or begin their college education. Socially speaking, the school would then be a mix of students between the ages of fourteen and nineteen years of age. Social issues will arise between the younger and the older students because of the age difference between the groups.High school performs an important social role in guiding students through their teenage years. At eighteen years of age, a person is already an adult and should be socialized with adults, such as other college students or fellow employees. In conclusion, high school should continue to be fou r years. This extension will only make high school dull and unbearable for many students. It does not matter how many years a student stays in high school. It is the quality of learning and the students’ own will to succeed.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

History of public administration Essay

Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Historical accounts of African public administration often highlight the colonial setting and usually overlook pre-colonial Africa. The African civil service has its roots in precolonial institutions on which European powers relied to build the colonial state and consolidate their administration. Thus, this chapter analyzes the development of African administration from the pre-colonial era up to the present. The first section discusses the pre-colonial period. The colonial system constitutes the second section. The third section deals with the post-colonial period and discusses some problems associated with African administration. 1. The Pre-Colonial Period: From the Ashes of Pharaohs to the Berlin Conference At the end of the prehistoric period (10 000 BC), some African nomadic bands began to settle more permanently in villages along the Nile River to develop the political foundation of ancient Egypt. As these early farmers increased their mastery over soil and animal life, irrigation became a key development strategy to increase food production, which in turn multiplied their populations. Eventually, different villages came to recognize their common interests, to coordinate their efforts and broaden community linkages. People from different communities joined together through confederation or conquest for purposes of commerce or defense, and developed African  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani empires, kingdoms, and chieftaincies. Two types of systems, hierarchical political systems and horizontal or acephalous societies, developed to help generate stable communities and foster prosperity. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Stateless societies were small political entities and had no bureaucracies as they were mostly based on kinship. Hierarchical societies, however, had bureaucracies to carry out certain functions such as collecting taxes, supervising ceremonies, entertaining dignitaries, and compelling people to do the rulers’ bidding. These polities, which evolved before the arrival of Europeans in Africa, were either centralized or decentralized political entities presided over by emperors, kings, chiefs, or military commanders. The following analysis covers the first hierarchical form of rule that emerged some three millennia BC in ancient Egypt, followed by a brief overview of Medieval Africa. The final sub-section discusses the African administration up to the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. 1. 1. Ancient Civilization of Africa: The Case of Egypt Around 3300 BC, farming lineages along the Nile Valley joined together as villages to increase production of food and to defend themselves against outsiders. From these villages regional confederations of Upper and Lower Egypt developed. By 3100 BC, a central authority emerged and unified these confederations under the rule of divine pharaohs. From 2700 to 2181, six dynasties succeeded each other to form the Old Kingdom. A century and a half of civil war and provincial rivalries gave rise to the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdoms that ruled Egypt from 2080 to 1640 BC. The Middle Kingdom was replaced by the Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom from 1570 to 1090 BC. Three dynasties (18th through 20th) ruled in the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period began around 1089 BC with the Kushite Kings. The Egyptian empire was multinational consequent to the conquest of foreign nations. The Old and Middle Kingdoms were highly centralized and ruled by â€Å"god-kings† or pharaohs. With its capital at Memphis, the Old Kingdom was divided into provinces. Next to the king was the vizier, the administrative hand of the king, who was also in charge of day to day administrative, fiscal, and judicial matters. Although very few administrative documents have survived, court documents provide a glimpse of the Egyptian bureaucracy. Three basic administrative divisions existed: the Department of the Head of the South, the Office of Government Labor, and the Treasury. The Palermo Stone provides further evidence of administrative structure in the collection of revenue and in the assessment of Egyptian wealth. On the Stone was documented a biennial administrative census that left nothing unaccounted for, so that taxes could be assessed even on the basis of canals, lakes, wells, and trees of an estate. The system consisted of a hierarchical structure with diverse administrative agencies spreading throughout the kingdom for effective management. Another governmental task was the administration of justice, on which was founded the concept of ma‘at (or justice), whereby some high priests bore the title of priest of Ma‘at. In addition to the capital city of Memphis, there were other towns of importance that  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani made up provinces headed by town governors, who were also chief priests in charge of temple revenue in many parts of Ancient Egypt. Provincial temples were the subject of central government regulations to avoid any strong power at the provincial level. However, during the first intermediate period, the office of governor in charge of civil affairs became the office of chief priest. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S The role of bureaucracy in these early kingdoms was to facilitate the transfer of resources from different provinces to the king’s court. If early administrations were in charge of maintaining irrigation and agricultural output, later administrations seemed to be more involved in supervising construction work and wealth transfer. The proliferation of these later types of bureaucracies, at the expense of those that used to maintain the agricultural system, would probably have produced pressures on the agricultural output and might have been the first sign of political decay in Ancient Egypt. The centralized system itself between the king, court officers, and ambitious governors may also have led to the same result. The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period generated a great mass of documentation about Egyptian political and administrative life. The form of government remained the same, based on divine kingship. The government always stressed the religious function of the political system. Under the auspices of Gods, the government was expected to maintain the integrity of Egyptian territory and expand its frontiers. The most important function of the government was to create civic and individual security, and the vizier carried out the duty of ensuring that law and regulations were obeyed throughout the bureaucracy. The society was divided into hierarchical stratifications with the king at the top, a small group of high-ranking and wealthy officials next, and a much larger group of bureaucrats (scribes), priests, soldiers, stable masters, citizens, cultivators, and herdsmen filling the bottom layer. The Egyptian political system under the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period was divided into an internal government and a government of conquests. Internally, the civil government was run by two viziers (northern and southern), overseer of the granaries of upper and lower Egypt, and the chief taxing master. The two viziers also supervised the overseer of the treasury and lower level officials in charge of bureaucracy, judiciary, and the police. At the lowest level of the administrative hierarchy were the chiefs, town mayors, and councils. The government of conquests had several governors who supervised vassal kings and their battalion commanders. Most of the Northern Lands were small and scattered, and under the direct control of various battalion commanders. The goal of this decentralization scheme was to obstruct anyone from controlling a large estate and challenging the king’s power. The governor of the Southern Lands was the Viceroy of Kush and his role became important internally at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty. He also supervised two deputies and a battalion commander. Military forces were all centralized under one commander. In addition to these administrative entities, there existed a religious government hierarchy, with the â€Å"overseer of prophets† at the top, a position held at various times by a vizier who was the head of two high priests. Below them was the priesthood bureaucracy. The corps of the centralized system was maintained by a small group of powerful officials. They headed each department and reported directly to the king who appointed  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani and removed them. The bureaucracy consisted of a group of educated scribes whose role consisted of collecting taxes, conducting censuses, regulating agriculture, and administering justice and law with a small police force. A professional army was divided into various units, each with its own hierarchy of officers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Pressures on land and rising inflation may have been politically significant in later days of the New Kingdom, though bureaucratic inefficiency and abuse of power were probably the main causes of economic collapse. Besides the deterioration of administrative integrity, another major cause that weakened the kingship was the changing relationship between the king, civil government, army, and a few powerful families. Some families came to control major economic resources of the state, and the civil service became less susceptible to royal control. In addition, the kings’ tours of their provinces became less frequent, and royal princes and other deputies carried out religious rites formerly performed by the kings. During the ensuing Third Intermediate Period (1069 – 664 BC), Egypt was in perpetual crisis and the Egyptian civilization disappeared after the Roman conquest around 30 BC. In summary, the evolution of Ancient Egypt is characterized by the rise and fall of large scale governments that reflect alternating periods of unification and fragmentation. 1. 2. Medieval Africa Medieval Africa was different from the Ancient in several respects. First, Medieval leaders attempted to balance local traditions and regional autonomy in response to their people’s needs by developing and consolidating large-scale kingdoms and empires for purposes of trade or defense. A second difference was the impact of Islam on African societies. Muslims believed that one God (Allah) called on them to undertake jihads (commonly known as holy war against non-believers) when necessary. The most renowned of Africa’s medieval empires of Mali, Songhay and Morocco rose to the highest stages of their international influence with Islam as the imperial religion. Other medieval African kingdoms and empires developed indigenous political ideologies based on regional customs and beliefs, while Coptic Christianity remained the official state religion in the Abyssinian kingdom of medieval Ethiopia. In 969 A. D. , Muslims from the Maghreb conquered Egypt and established the Fatimid Dynasty in Cairo (c. 970-1170 A. D. ), which was highly hierarchical and whose military was highly professionalized. This strict hierarchy of officials, and the controlling powers of the vizier, left room neither for the autonomous tendencies of provincial governors nor for the growth of widespread corruption. Tolerant of other religions, the system let Copts and Jews occupy prestigious positions in the administration. The centralized administration controlled tax revenues, the payment of troops, and the allocation of military fiefs. The Fatimid administration was in charge of regulating and distributing the waters of the Nile River. Dams and canals were regularly repaired and improved; even an occasional period of low water did not greatly damage the general economic situation. When the Fatimid rule in Egypt was threatened by European Christian Crusaders (c. 1170), it was Egypt’s professional soldiers, or Mamluks (slave-soldier), who rallied behind Saladin to defeat the Crusaders. He then established a new Mamluk Dynasty in  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani Cairo from 1171 to1517. By the thirteenth century, the institution of the slave-soldiers became an integral part of the political and social system in many Muslim countries. The Mamluk oligarchy never accepted in its ranks someone who was not a slave soldier, so that the military establishment not only remained hierarchical, but also continued to be a caste dominated by slave soldiers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Most Mamluk caliphates were divided into military fiefs centralized under one single Caliph. The basic administrative entity was the village because the Mamluk dynasty obtained most of its revenues from landed estates. A major innovation to ensure payment was that the peasants were prohibited from leaving their villages without permission. In addition to land taxes, the Mamluk caliphates drew their revenues from customs duties, based on ad valorem and the religion of the merchants, so that Christian importers had to pay taxes as high as 30%, whereas Muslim importers paid only 10%. This canonical tax was abolished under the reform of 1316. Several other kingdoms, such as Ghana and Mali, developed in Medieval Western Sudan. But the best known was the Kingdom of Songhay founded around the trading town of Gao (c. 1000 A. D. ). The Songhay Kingdom broke away from Mali and subsequently arose to become the third great empire in the medieval western Sudan (c. 1460-1590). Songhay’s founding emperor, Sunni Ali, established imperial authority northward into the Sahara in order to control international trade routes and valuable deposits of rock salt (which was mined and cut into large blocks to be traded for gold). Following Ali’s death, one of his generals, Muhammad Toure, overthrew the legitimate heir, and embarked on a hajj to Mecca. In 1496 he returned to wage jihad against nonMuslims. He conquered new territories and ruled over Songhay’s expanded empire as Caliph of West Africa. Under Muhammad’s authority (1493-1528), Songhay, especially the towns of Timbuktu and Jenne, rose to become one of the medieval world’s largest multinational empires. The administrative system was open enough to provide lower level citizens some type of upward social mobility. The empire was highly decentralized and Islam was used as a tool to assimilate different communities. Different categories of slaves cultivated fields, constructed adobe buildings and mosques, acted as porters, or served as soldiers and officials in the imperial government. Some of the latter rose through government and military bureaucracies by virtue of meritorious work to achieve high positions of administrative responsibility, as did soldier Muhammad Toure, when he rose by military merit to become a general and then became the emperor of Songhay. As emperor of Songhay, Muhammad established effective central supervision over provincial governors. He also reformed Songhay’s imperial government so that merit (rather than birth) became the principal criterion for advancement in bureaucracy. Eventually, after Muhammad became blind and was deposed in 1528, Songhay’s trans-Saharan trade declined. This was also partly due to competition from European sea traders along the West African Atlantic coast, which undercut the trans-Saharan gold trade. After severe political crises of succession disputes, rebellions and civil war that Songhay emperors faced during the 1580s, their imperial army was decisively defeated by Morocco’s elite musketeers at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. Other kingdoms and chieftaincies came up throughout Central, Eastern and Southern  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani Africa. Although some of these polities were decentralized or confederated, most of them developed as centralized systems where the king or the chief represented the top, followed by the house of the king or an inner circle of advisors, and finally the Council of Elders as the legislative branch. The army and bureaucrats were in charge of maintaining security and law, collecting taxes, and conducting censuses. In most polities, age was a major social feature of stratification, while in other areas the system was meritocractic. 1. 3. Beyond the Medieval Era to the Nineteenth Century U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S In the late 1500s and through the 1700s, Europeans and Arabs introduced new weapons and made new demands for captives of war throughout Africa to meet the demands of a growing international slave trade. Consequently, many of Africa’s previous patterns of political and economic growth were disrupted, even though many of the great traditions of medieval African politics and administration continued to guide their evolution. As African kingdoms and empires continued to develop, and trade between coastal cities and interior regions expanded throughout the continent, various African peoples established political confederations based on religious ideology, commercial linkages and/or military authority. Such confederations were committed to establishing broader nationalist ideologies, promoting literacy and advancement by merit, expanding both regional and international commerce, and undertaking significant administrative and military reforms. The first great reformer and leader in North Africa was an Ottoman military commander, Muhammad Ali (1805-1848). He established the first secular schools, engineering and medical colleges, modern factories, modern printing presses, and stateowned textile and munitions factories. His successors continued his policies of borrowing foreign capital and building projects, such as the Suez Canal that was completed in 1869. In the west, the original Asante confederation, established by seven clans near the city of Kumasi (in modern day Ghana), united around the symbolic Golden Stool of their ruler Asante-Hene. This confederation built roads and promoted agriculture, commerce, industry and education through self-help and self-reliance. The Asante emperors implemented several modernization policies in administration that included promoting advancement by merit and the development of state enterprise through public investment. By 1874, the British imperial army defeated the Asante army and annexed the Fante territories into their Gold Coast colony. In East Africa (c. 1800-1885), there was also a movement toward centralization of authority and broadened commercial linkages throughout the region, from Ethiopia’s Highlands to the Limpopo River in Southern Africa. In the first half of the nineteenth century, however, Africa continued to be significantly disrupted by international trade in slaves, even as new Euro-American markets began to demand large imports of such African-based commodities as palm oil, cotton, peanuts, and ivory. By mid-century, European merchants realized that Africans could produce such valuable exports more efficiently and humanely by working in their own countries than by working as slaves in the Americas. Many other nineteenth century African nations were consciously modernizing their various political economies and shifting to regional confederacies,

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Hitler's Death Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitler's Death - Term Paper Example Speculations, arguments, doubts and questions arose regarding the validity of the death of the most famous dictator to date, Adolf Hitler. Different analysis were conducted and different results were obtained from these studies the issue still had been going on for a while until the skull fragment was displayed in Moscow a little over a decade ago. Although it may seem still a little vague to some today, it is no longer a question whether Hitler is dead or alive but just the truth behind his death. Considering his recorded condition before the 30th of April in 1945, he would unlikely survive a decade after that. So whether he escaped from the ruins of Berlin or not, he is, for the lack of better term, ‘dead’, by now. Some historians doubted Hitler’s death and suggested that the Nazis orchestrated propaganda to make the Fuehrer a hero. The US also doubted the dictator’s death and speculated the he may have escaped from Berlin in 1945 and did not take his own life. These doubts were caused by the unclear showcasing of facts and mismatching data in the past. These speculation and arguments just settled when the skull fragment with a hole caused by a gunshot was put on display in Moscow in 2000.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Fictitious company, Mullin plc., is examining their dividend policy Essay

Fictitious company, Mullin plc., is examining their dividend policy. For the past five years (2008-2012) it has paid no dividend - Essay Example Dividend policy mainly concerns itself with the payment of cash dividends, at the present time, or in a near future (Barnett, 2012). It is important to denote that there are other types of dividends, such as stock dividends, and stock repurchases dividends. Stock dividends involves issuing out dividends in the form of the company’s stock, while stock repurchases dividend involves the buying of the company’s shares from willing investors by the company. This paper mainly concerns itself with cash dividend. The cash dividend policy refers to the actual amount of money that a company pays to investors. According to this policy, a company is supposed to state how much money it pays as dividends to investors, and the frequency of paying this amount of money (Garcia and Moore, 2012). The decision to pay a certain amount of dividends, and the frequency in which to pay this amount of dividends is based on the profitability of the company, and the excess cash it accumulates at t he end of each trading period. When there is a surplus in cash, the company can either decide to pay dividends, or it can decide to expand its operations. Developing a dividend policy is a very challenging initiative for the directors of a company. This is because investors of the company have differing views on the current cash dividends, and also on the future expectations of the capital gain (Ross and Westerfield, 2013). Another confusion that emerges in developing a dividend policy is the effect of the policy on the share prices of the company. It is important to denote that a favorable dividend policy will always lead to an increase in the share prices of a company. On the other hand, a dividend policy that is not favorable will on most occasion lead to the reduction of the share prices of the business entity. This is an aspect that managers of a business organization will always thrive to avoid. This paper identifies, and analyzes the various dividend policies that Mullin plc has, and their advantages or disadvantages. It examines if the policy under consideration will be beneficial to the company. This paper identifies four different types of dividend policies, namely (Shukla, 2012); i. Stable dividend policy ii. Irregular dividend policy iii. No immediate policy on dividend. iv. Regular dividend policy This paper has a conclusion, which provides a clear recommendation on the appropriate policy that the company should enact, and the justifications on why that policy is the best. Regular Dividend Policy: Regular dividend policy involves a situation where investors of a company are able to receive dividends at their usual rates, and on a constant period of time. The main investors in a company that provides such kind of a dividend are usually retired individuals, or weaker members of the society. This includes people with low wages or no income sources at all. The company can maintain this type of a dividend policy only if its revenue from its business op eration is stable and regular. This type of dividend policy manages to create a sense of confidence amongst the shareholders of a company (Stout, 2012). This is because they are guaranteed of a certain percentage of dividends at the end of the business financial years. It is also a sign that the operations of the business organization are stable and thus the company is making profits. This policy also

Workplace Literacy - Problem-Solving Letter Proposal Essay

Workplace Literacy - Problem-Solving Letter Proposal - Essay Example For instance, there are regular traffic jams during the mornings and afternoons. The central emphasis on cars as public transport also contributes to pollution. Although buses contribute to the pollution problem as much as cars, buses are able to aggregate the amount of people traveling, thus reducing the total amount of emissions in the atmosphere. Another major transportation concern is safety. The proportion of deaths from car accidents is increasing. In fact, the report of 2011 issued by the World Health Organization says that 1.3 million people die each year from traffic accidents (Joffe, 2011). This number is expected to increase to about 1.9 million deaths annually by 2020 if public transportation is not instituted. The number of traffic accidents during the year 2011, amounted to 544.179 thousand accidents, which amounts to 1.537 per day. The number of people injured in the same year amounted to more than (39.000) and (7.153) death with rate of (20) deaths per day. The cumulative recognition of these statistics demonstrates that transportation is a serious concern that strikes to the heart of pubic safety. In addition to the previously mentioned concerns, the nature of public transportation is additionally a significant civil rights concern. As you surely recognize driving is restricted to males (Jeddah, 2012). While many homes have their own drivers a significant amount do not. This leaves a majority of women without an adequate means of transportation. In both cases a significant amount of money is expended because the people who have their own driver have to pay for them and for the car. For people who don’t have their own driver, they still have to hire someone to take them to their jobs or schools or whatever destination they need to attend. This situation creates an instance where a large part of the working public

Monday, August 26, 2019

The first sale doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The first sale doctrine - Essay Example Moreover, FSD serves to promote public access to information and culture since it functions as a vital limit on the copyright owner’s right to control the disposition of a work that is copyrighted. People can easily share digital copyrighted works. The FSD preserves and makes available works which are off the market; this is especially amplified within the library context. It also keeps prices low. When publishers realize that they are no longer economically beneficial to keep on producing particular works, the publication of those works will cease. Without the FSD, preservation as well as circulation of those works would also come to an end. Nonetheless, with thrift shops, museums, libraries along with other 3rd parties able to purchase, sell, store and have possession of these works, they are preserved for posterity (Frankel & Harvey, 2011). With this principle and the digitization of media, content has become more available to the public. FSD basically serves to provide a m eans for works to remain in circulation after they are no longer printed, or after the owner of the copyright has withdrawn them from the marketplace. This is a particularly vital function for institutions such as libraries. In the digital marketplace, these benefits are experienced to a considerably large extent. For instance, a book in digital form and copied page by page could be easily reproduced and accessed at one time and easily by everyone. Such physical copies cannot be easily copied in real space. The FSD has allowed buyers of copyrighted materials such as ebooks, music/film DVDs, CDs to resell or utilize the work in several ways with no permission from the holder of the copyright and has made things such as eBay and video rental stores legal (Perzanowski & Schultz, 2010). Question 8: To what extent does the online market today provide opportunities to engage in actions made possible by the first sale doctrine in the analog world, such as sharing favorite books with friend s, or enabling the availability of less-than-full-price versions to students? The marketplace presently does not provide such opportunities primarily because of license terms. The doctrine was established during a period of permanent physical reproductions of books, and the doctrine might be losing its relevance in today’s digital age (Small & Roberts, 2012). In the current era characterized by licenses, people are more and more acquiring films, music and software through downloads which incorporate license terms. This has prevented people from owning copies; rather, they are simply licensees and have no right to re-sell. The FSD was meant to protect purchasers of copies of works that are copyrighted who want to resell their copies by preventing copyright holders from asserting that such re-sales breach their exclusive right of distributing and selling reproductions of the works. Consequently, FSD led to a robust rental and re-sale market for music CDs, films, video games, bo oks among other copyrighted materials with the exception of software (McSherry, 2012). Nonetheless, with the advent of the digital age, FSD presented challenges to some holders of copyright who want to control the re-sale market for their works. FSD is only applicable after the sale of the copyrighted mater

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Effective Human Resource Management - Warbings Office Systems Plc Case Study

Effective Human Resource Management - Warbings Office Systems Plc - Case Study Example The essence of having SMART objectives at Warnings Office Systems Plc is important for the success of the business. First, goals and objectives enable the achievement of the company’s mission and vision statements; in this case, they are supposed to ensure that they are stated to reflect the mission and vision statements of the company. By helping employees create their SMART objectives, Warnings Office Systems Plc can easily follow up by motivating these staff. In this case, they can evaluate the effectiveness of these objectives, ensuring that they are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound as expected. These objectives ensure that the employees are always working out their activities according to the requirements of the business, thus achieving success. According to findings from the company, Warnings Office Systems Plc has been suffering from the problem of cohesiveness. It is important to understand that the business environment is always dynamic. This is with respect to the methods of management, development of products and services as well as marketing practices Training of line manager is essential at Warnings Office Systems Plc in order to enhance its success and effectiveness. By training its line managers, the company can equip them with the latest trends in human resource management, marketing, and other important company practices. This training can be done at a place identified, far from the business, or when the resources are not enough, the company can organize an in-house training. Whether done within the business or away, training of line managers is effective if it achieves the stated goals and objectives. For this reason, Warnings Office Systems Plc should ensure that it develops the most effective way of how to conduct such training on a continuous basis.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Relationship between the Industrial Revolution and three of the Essay - 1

Relationship between the Industrial Revolution and three of the ideologies - Essay Example The technique is necessary for identification of both primary and secondary stakeholders with stakes in the running of the project. Stakeholder analysis aims at developing a strategic view of the human and institutional landscape. The process of managing stakeholders for any project involves aspects such as identification of all stakeholders, documentation of stakeholder needs, assessment and analysis of influence from stakeholders, managing various expectations from stakeholders, taking actions and review of the status of the project (Phillips, 2003). Stakeholders are known to provide organizations with a range of resources, such as customers, employees and capital, amongst other benefits necessary for conducting businesses. These resources create a link between stakeholders and organizations, hence making organizations responsible for their social and legitimate actions towards consumers. The shift in thinking from financial perspective demands that business organizations consider the impact of their activities on a wide range of stakeholders. Currently, there is a more pressing demand from consumers on the extent to which companies deal with environmental matters. This has made organizations play a vital role in shaping public opinion and environmental policies by complying with social and stakeholder demands, hence legitimizing themselves to acceptable organizational and societal practices (McDonnell and Bartlett, 2009, pp. 63–70; Baker, 1997). Consumers, governmental organizations, and other insurance companies will ma jorly influence this project. All forms of governmental regulations are meant to grant consumers an opportunity to make better environmental decisions. However, difficulties arise especially at the point of establishing policies capable of addressing all areas of concern within the environment (De Bakker, Groenewegen, & Den Hond, 2005). A good example can be drawn from the

Friday, August 23, 2019

Legal Environment for Global Organizations Essay

Legal Environment for Global Organizations - Essay Example Global organizations like WTO, IMF, World Bank, UN, and WHO which must not be treated as 'insignificant actors' in the global arena due mainly to the functions they are embodied with. An understanding of the link between global organizations and global governance would push one to see this importance. As the world turns into a globalized competitive market in which nations interact according to the principles of economic liberalism, a requirement for more order is ensued. The importance of understanding the legal environment for global organizations is seen in their roles as instrument, arena, and actor in the global interaction (Archer, 2001). An example of this is the WTO, which was established by sovereign states whose power limits independent action by international organizations. Global organizations are actually used as instruments in order for states to use their ends, particularly on the areas of trade liberalism which profits first world states primarily. They serve as means for the policies of individual governments as well as instruments for diplomacy among states. The United Nations is seen to function as an instrument of US diplomacy which undertakes policies according in the global sphere. It is the rule of unanimity which is apparently carried out by global organizations, in which certain states are able to influence other states over certain decisions. As arenas within which actions take place, global organizations provide meeting places in which member states can discuss certain matters diplomatically. The term itself - arena - signifies neutrality even for nations in disagreement. Hence, international organizations serve not only as mere forums for these activities, but also as a diplomatic reinforcement for their policies (Hoffman, 1970 in Archer, 2001: 74). Even the third world states are given their own venues for discussing international economic events, through the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) as well as the Group of 77 (G77) participated in by states in Southern continents of non-aligned countries (Archer, 2001). Legal environment is a necessity for global organizations since it gives them the venue and the power to govern the world politically and economically, surged by the very nations that represent them. The World Bank for example, is represented by first world nations particularly by the United States, whose legal policies govern the financial activities of poorer nations that have incurred financial debts with them. DISCUSS other legal influences which can affect business in a specified country. CONSIDER other cultural, religious, and political influences - how might these influence the business environment Legal influences which can affect business in a specified country include the policies on trade liberalization and non-tariffication which can affect the level of balance of trade and the domestic sales of goods. With a liberal importation allowed by the policies of WTO, which almost defeat the level of exports in a certain country, a probability of trade deficit is imminently seen, which may cause fiscal crisis for that particular country (Pereira, et al., 1993: 6). Non-tariffication of goods for importation, which is also embodied in the WTO, causes bankruptcy of the sale of domestic products, which have higher prices than the imported ones. In countries in which colonial mentality

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Religion Is Seen as Not Promoting Social Change for Marx and Durkheim. Essay Example for Free

Religion Is Seen as Not Promoting Social Change for Marx and Durkheim. Essay Religion is a powerful role in influencing a society and the lives of it’s members. The sociological traditions of Marx and Durkheim view religion totally differently, yet they both agree that religion is a very important aspect of a society. Durkheim and Marx each had their own definitions of religion. However, we will learn that they both see an important role that religion plays in a society, as well as the ways in which society creates and shapes their religions. Unlike Durkheim and Weber, Marx was not much concerned with the studying religion although his ideas on religion are very influential. For marx religion He further feels that a world that requires illusion (religion) has something wrong with it. Marx talks about two primary functions of religion in what he calls the â€Å"real world†. First he says that religion is the opium of the people. Marx feels religion provides anesthesia to the masses. To him, religion is a way for people to escape from some of the suffering in their lives or to somehow feel better despite all of their suffering. Religion deters suffering of the present situations of people. It allows people to put off their suffering because they believe it will be taken care of in heaven, or where ever, after they die. And as it would follow, religion helps people put more hope into â€Å"the year after†. People who are religious really do believe â€Å"life† will be better for them after they die. Also religion helps to maintain the oppression of the lower classed people by the people who make up the upper classes. The second primary function of religion in a society, according to Karl Marx, is that it is the sigh of the oppressed creature. Religion brings with it a safety value. People end up being lulled into the protection religion seems to offer them, and people do feel the need to feel and be safe. Religion also gives people an opportunity to complain about the ways of the world. The world is not the way religion says it should be and therefore people complain about the way it actually is, as a way of feeling like a good member of their chosen religion. Religion allows people to acknowledge the dehumanized state of their lives. It helps people to see the horrible way in which we are in and it helps keep us in this horrible way. We realize through religion that we are not finding fulfillment in our lives. Marx would view a relationship between religious belief and progressive social activism as a display of a dehumanized society yearning for self actualization. The people of a progressive social activist society are not getting self actualization because there political system allows for scarcity of necessities, goods and jobs, and they also oppress the people of their society. According to Marx, if people are without self actualization they will create a place where they can find self actualization. Religion helps people do that. Durkheim dedicated a considerable part of his academic life to the study of religion especially religion in small scale traditional societies. Allotting a single sentence to Durkheim in a kind of appendix to The Sacred The Profane, Eliade comments that the French founder of sociology believed that he had found the sociological explanation for religion in totemism. Durkheim bases his work on the totemism practiced by Australian aborigines and argues that totemism is the most elementary or simple form of religion. Durkheim starts Forms by looking at how religion may be defined and here the sacred profane dichotomy comes immediately into play: the primary characteristic of religion is that it divides the world into the two domains of sacred and profane. In fact, the two are opposed so fundamentally that they are seen as separate worlds. In Durkheims view the sacred is far from being synonymous with the divine. Not only may gods and spirits be sacred, but also things like rocks, trees, pieces of wood, in fact anything. For what makes something sacred is not that it is somehow connected to the divine but that it is the subject of a prohibition that sets it radically apart from something else, which is itself thereby made profane. Durkheim describes religion in terms of beliefs and rites. For him, the details of these in particular religions are particular ways of dealing in thought and action with the fundamental dichotomy of sacred and profane.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

The biblical banners Essay Example for Free

The biblical banners Essay In this New York Times article, â€Å"In Texas, a Legal Battle Over Biblical Banners†, Manny Fernandez, a metro reporter, argues whether biblical banners should be allowed or banned due to the law. He develops the claim by first providing details about how Mr. Weldon’s community got enraged. Then he provides information saying Weldon banned the biblical banners out of concern that the signs were unlawful and amounted to school sanctioned religious expression. Towards the end, Fernandez points out that the case centers on whether the banners amount to private speech protected by state and federal law or government sponsored speech that can be regulated and censored. Fernandez’s purpose is to answer the reader’s question about biblical banners and if the should be allowed in order to educate the public and provide knowledge about the situation at hand. He establishes an informative tone for concerned citizens who may want or be against biblical banners. Fernandez provides the reader with facts and statistics, for example in paragraph 4, â€Å"the district received a letter from the Freedom From Religion Foundation, a Wisconsin based group of atheists and agnostics.† The effect of such details serves to lend credibility to the author’s assertions since it is impossible to argue with the facts. In addition, negative diction in paragraph 7 conveys a negative feeling towards the banners and the marquee outside a church. Finally, the use of biblical allusions throughout the article is used to defend the use of biblical banners. This work is significant because it challenges and reminds us all to be aware of aberrant issues regarding biblical banners.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Professional Development in Nursing | Reflection

Professional Development in Nursing | Reflection In order to enhance knowledge, skills, values and attitudes needed for a safe and effective nursing practice, this reflective piece aims to demonstrate the author’s commitment to the need for professional development contribution and personal supervision activities. Through leadership, peer support, supervision and teaching this account will further enhance the professional development and safe practice to others. To achieve these aims, backed with supportive evidence, the author shall use a case study to enable him make discussions and debates. To maintain confidentiality, names of people and places mentioned in this account has been anonymised in accordance to NMC code of professional conduct (NMC, 2010). During the mid-point of his final placement, Bruce was instructed by his mentor to assume the primary nurse role for 73 year old Alice who was detained in an inpatient psychiatric unit under section 3 of the Mental Health Act. Alice was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease dementia with a history of falls, self-neglect and aggressive behaviours toward staff and fellow patients. Following Alice’s CPA review, additional medication was prescribed to her after a mutual agreement between Alice, her family and the MDT as rapid deterioration in her mental state was a concern. CPA (2008) recommends that patients, family and carers should be involved in decision making in regard to their care plans. To promote medication adherence, NICE (2009) declares that, patients should be involved in decisions about prescribed medication to enable them to make informed choices. Bruce was not aware of Alice’s new prescribed medication because he had 2 days off from work. Upon return to work, Bruce volunteered to be the nurse in charge of the shift to enable him gain more confidence and build his leadership skills. Whilst Bruce was being supervised during the morning medication rounds as guided by (NMC, 2010). Alice noticed that there was a new medication so she asked Bruce purpose of the additional medication. Bruce could not confidently explain the purpose of the medication so he asked Dora his mentor who stood by to explain to Alice. Alice became extremely angry and agitated, hostile and physically aggressive towards Bruce accusing him of wanting to kill her however, staff intervened and managed to de-escalate the situation. NICE (2005) recommends that at the first signs of agitation or violent behaviour, staff should first try to calm the patient down using de-escalation methods. Taking the above scenario into consideration one can say that Bruce acted proactively by volunteering to co-ordinate the shift. However, Bruce should have been more concerned to find out the outcome of Alice’s CPA meeting as her acting primary nurse. NMC (2008) asserts that the care of people should be your first concern, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity. Since Bruce volunteered to coordinate the shift, he could have delegated some of the task i.e. medication rounds to other qualified nurses to enable him to catch-up with what happened at the ward during his absence. Delegation of task enables the team leader to be able to devote more time to those tasks that cannot be delegated. With more time available, the leader can invest time and energy into developing practice, improving standards and influencing decisions that affect their service (Garland and Sullivan, 2010). It was a bad practice for Bruce to administer medication without knowing it purpose as a nurse. NMC (2010) affirms that, nurses must know the medicine’s therapeutic use, its normal dosage, side effects, precautions and contra-indications before administering it. Bruce should have checked the use of the newly prescribed medication in the British National Formulary (BNF) before administering it to Alice (NMC, 2010). Bruce could have also asked Dora about the purpose of the newly prescribed medication when he realised he was not familiar with it even before dispensing it into the pot for Alice. However, one can say that Bruce acted professionally by acknowledging his limitations and therefore asked Dora to explain the use of the newly prescribed medication to Alice. NICE (2009) recommends that as a good practice, nurses should provide patients with verbal and written information regarding their prescribed medication to promote medication concordance. Bruce in a meeting with Dora identified the need for developing his medication administration and management skills and agreed on an action plan under his mentor’s supervision. Care Quality Commission (2013) affirms that supervision provides opportunity for staff to review their performance, set objectives in line with the organisation objective and service needs, and identifies training and continuing developing needs. Bruce further identified the need for research on medication administration, management and medication training all these shall be accomplished under the supervision of Dora. Bruce also has requested to be more involved in medication administration and did a research and found out that, patients must always understand the reason for taking a particular drug. NICE (2009) recommends that, at intervals agreed with the patients, staff should review patients’ knowledge, understanding and concerns about medicines, and patients view of their need for medicine b ecause these may change over time. Bruce had the opportunity to learn how to write CPA reports, tribunal reports and continued to build his confidence in writing plans of care and risk profiles by assuming the primary nurse role for Alice. Bruce also seized the opportunity by being the primary nurse to Alice to gain a better understanding of the MDT working. DOH (2004) ten essential shared capabilities recommends that professionals, patients, family and carers should work in partnership to provide quality care. By volunteering to coordinate the shift gave Bruce the insight of the responsibilities and what to expect from a qualified nurse. Coordinating the shift enabled Bruce to research more about his leadership styles, improved on his communication and delegation skills and his management. Bruce also had the opportunity as the shift coordinator, to do an incident report about Alice’s physical aggression towards him under Dora’s supervision. It can be argued that Alice was not supposed to behave that way however, she could forget about her CPA meeting and the newly prescribed medication because of the symptoms of her illness. Wrycraft (2009) declares that, typical symptoms of dementia are loss of memory, confusion and a change in personality, mood and behaviour. NHS (2012) confirms that, common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include memory loss, especially problems with memory for recent events, such as forgetting messages, remembering routes or names, and asking questions repetitively. Based on the above account, a nurse should always reflect and evaluate his or her practice then plan future practice areas for development.

Malpractice Or Poor Judgement? :: essays research papers

Malpractice or Poor Judgement?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The practice of medicine has never claimed to be an exact science. In fact, it is very much a hit-and-miss situation. Taking into account these above factors, India seems to be on a destructive trend regarding their level of health care. Ever since private medical services fell under the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) in April 1993, the number of malpractice suits filed against doctors has begun to soar. For example, in Kerala, approximately 1800 cases (15% of the total number of cases) have been filed. As Dr. Dipak Banerjee of the Indian Medical Association puts it: â€Å"It's degenerating into a kind of witch-hunt.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For years the community of doctors across India was immune to charges of malpractice, but the tide has begun to turn. Doctors are now having to dish out larger sums of money in order to insure themselves adequately. Insurance companies have caught on as well, raising the price of malpractice insurance on most doctors. For instance, a doctor who would have had to pay Rs. 125 annually now has to pay up to Rs. 1500. These costs will only be passed along to the patients in the long run, and the condition is only going to worsen. Take for example the United States, where surgeons annually pay an average of $75,000 on insurance premiums. On top of these premiums, doctors who practice very defensively add as much as $21 billion US to the health care bill every year. Twenty percent of the tests prescribed by doctors were not necessary, but they are the result of defensive practising by doctors who do not want to be held liable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This condition, already appearing in India, could become the downfall of their present health care industry. Doctors are being forced to â€Å"look upon every patient as a potential litigant.† There is likely going to be a tremendous rise in the cost of treatment as doctors begin this new wave of defensive practising, in which a series of expensive tests are carried out before any diagnosis is made. Quoting Dr. Chockalingam (Chairman of the Indian Chapter of Royal College of Surgeons), â€Å"If a patient comes with a headache we may now order a CT scan lest we miss a brain tumour... We now have to see whether a patient comes alone for consultation or brings along his advocate.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This problem could lead, and has led, to many others. Doctors may shun complicated cases where risk is high due to the delicate nature of the procedure, so as not to be hauled to court. This refusal to treat patients has already

Monday, August 19, 2019

An Analysis of H.G. Wells The Invisible Man :: Invisible Man Essays

An Analysis of H.G. Wells' The Invisible Man "The stranger came early in February, one wintry day, through a biting wind and a driving snow. He was wrapped from head to foot, and the brim of his soft felt hat hid every inch of his face but the shiny tip of his nose. He staggered into the Coach and Horses (an Inn in Ipling), more dead than alive"(p.11) The stranger was the invisible man. The Invisible Man was written by H.G. Wells, and published in 1964. The invisible man is a dynamic character who was changed by society. He seemed to start out as a quiet man who didn't like to be disturbed. Things that some of the people did made him angry to the point that at the end he was killing people for no apparent reason. In the beginning I wanted the people to leave the Invisible Man alone, but by the end he needed to be killed. Before he made himself invisible, he was an albino. His name was Griffen, and he was living in a rented place, where he would conduct his experiments. He kept getting pissed off at his landlord, who was constantly bothering Griffen. With the landlord always around, Griffen was always afraid that someone would figure out how he was making things transparent. He thought that becoming invisible was a utopian idea, and he didn't want someone stealing his idea. Griffen was so stuck on his invention that he didn't take the time to think the whole thing out. He comes across as a nervous character at this point in the story. The landlord made him very angry and he decided to run the experiment on himself. Once he was invisible, he destroyed his machine, and because he was so angry he burned the house down. As he walked the streets he was leaving muddy footprints. Some boys saw the footprints and the ghostly feet that made them. Immediately, the boys drew a crowd and started chasing the feet. This made him cautious, and he realized that it wasn't going to be easy to stay invisible. He needed clothes and shelter, so he went to a department store where he thought he could steal clothes after they closed. He needed to be visible to get his money and his books. His plan didn't work so well and he had to leave with nothing. He finally got some clothes by knocking out the owner of a costume shop and stealing what he needed.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Personal Narative- Tough Girl :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narative- Tough Girl She went to the land of Hollywood with a diamond wedding necklace hanging loosely from her neck like a noose before it gives its snapping goodbye. She went to the land of dreams with pride coloring her shadow; a haughty swing of her thick plait; and why not? Her name was Serina –she was named after a dream. Why not? I thought, though I cried the night before because she got the chance bestowed to her curvy hips, her white Colgate smile, her crystal blue eyes. And what about me? What about me. I have never had the smartness of a woman. I envied her from the day I realized that looking pretty was more important than being rough. I had always been good in games, in fighting, in being well†¦ rough. When we were much younger, I used to bully her so badly that she never joined in any of our games. She became a weak ghost, a girl who was just that†¦a girl. No more. Well I†¦ well; I was more of a boy, a fighter, someone who laughed when the mother advised the daughter to wash her hair with herbal shampoo to make it shiny and black as coal. I ran after kites and learned that slamming the flat of your hand into someone’s face is much more effective than curling that same hand into a fist. I learned that one should never box someone with the thumb hidden inside the white-knuckled clench of a fist. I learned that if someone digs at your eyes with two fingers, you could just bring your flattened hand vertically up at your nose, and whoever’s fingers however long, would never reach your eyes. I lear ned that being flat was more beneficial than being round. The day I discovered that I was turning round, that my legs could not carry me fast enough, that the boys I used to beat up now towered over me; anger glinted inside like a raised knife waiting to fall. From then on, I stopped fighting with boys and started fighting with girls instead. I could have died for my gang - a group of seven girls who knew that their only honor was their strength. One day my friend was walking down the road after a harvest party with a cup of alcohol made out of rice gurgling in her stomach. She bumped into an older woman with a baby clinging onto her hip; and the woman turned around and told her to watch where she was going, if she wanted so much to bump into somebody, why not pick on a boy and not a woman with child.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Defeat in The Old Man and the Sea Essay

â€Å"As human beings, our greatest glory consists not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.† To achieve a goal in life, man must persevere through all pain and suffering and continue to search for the light at the end of the dark tunnel. The journey of The Old Man and the Sea describes struggle and the will to discipline oneself to achieve an aspiration. An old fisherman, Santiago, is faced with exactly that; he has a dream of ending an eighty-four day streak without catching a fish and has to use all of his will power to overcome the sea’s obstacles. Because Santiago successfully catches the great marlin by fighting through physical fatigue, Hemmingway, in The Old Man and the Sea, proves â€Å"a man can be destroyed but not defeated.† In the prolonged struggle between the fish and the old man his conscience questioned his justifications for battling such a great creature. Always in the back of his mind was the young boy who he valued for friendship and companionship. These ideals helped Santiago remember his discipline for fishing and his integrity for his own manhood. The pain and suffering the old man must endure to overcome the sea’s adversity help to justify Santiago’s rebirth of manhood. His legendary journey provides mental and physical altercations Santiago must survive in order to prove to himself that he is still a man capable of catching fish. Society labels Santiago as an unlucky fisherman for not catching any fish for 85 days, and yet ignore his skills as a wise, witty fisherman. â€Å"It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready.†(32) Santiago coordinates good luck with offerings from the sea. He also said, in order to catch the big fish I must go out far enough where the great one will be distracting death for his own adversity with the open sea. He almost distains fate into his situation with the fish by taking all the pain and suffering his body endures to complete his desires. â€Å"He did not truly feel good because the pain from the cord across his back had almost passed pain and into dullness that he mistrusted.†(74) Once both the fish and Santiago had reached the breaking point of conflict the story seemed to slow down in time to exemplify the adverse conditions that both characters were suffering from. For eighty-four days, the old man, Santiago, has not caught any fish. Because of this, the old man’s fishing partner and pupil, Manolin, whom the old man loved like his own son and taught since he was five, has not been permitted to fish with him but has been forced by his parents to fish in a more productive boat. On the eighty-fifth day Santiago sets out to the deep recesses of the sea, certain that this would be the day when he would catch his big fish. He eventually does catch a marlin, but the struggle has only begun. For two days Santiago holds the line that is attached to the fish, and he suffers though tremendous obstacles to kill the great marlin. After harpooning the fish, he straps the marlin against the skiff and heads for home, doubting if the victory was real. The obstacles, however, were not yet over. The blood drawn from the fish brought the scent into the water, and it was not long until a mako shark began to take its bite out of the marlin. In protection of his fish, Santiago hit the shark with the harpoon. With the mako dead, shovel-nosed sharks came to the fish to get their chance to devour it. Bravely, Santiago fights with all the weapons he has, thus causing him great physical pain, and an injury to his chest. Despite his courageous fight, it is to no avail for when he arrives at his town only the carcass is left The old man proves himself worthy of personal suffering with the cuts and scars on his hands and back along with all of the pulling and slipping the cords had upon his fragile body. Hemmingway shows in a big way how an out of proportioned conflict with an old fisherman and an 18 foot long marlin helps to magnify the significance of Santiago searching for his rebirth to manhood. With constant abstraction describing the fish and the sea in relation to brotherhood create interesting questions for Santiago to ponder. His rationalization for his fishing is that he was born to do it. â€Å"A man can be destroyed but not defeated.† (103) Hemmingway proves that this fish represents all of Santiago’s built up tension to total the size of a gigantic marlin that is perceived as devastating but not unconquerable. The cause of a man’s destruction is in his own hands. The free will given to man enables him choose his own path to follow. The twist and turns of the life can change man’s perception of himself, leading him only to self-destruct through his own actions. By losing, the man is not defeated; he has fallen to the ground. Is this his end, his defeat? No. Because, man is given a light that lifts up spirits in a time of need picking them up off the cold, hard earth to try once more. No matter, the depths of destruction in which a man may find himself, the light never goes out. Despite being broken down to what feels to be his destruction, the light allows him to rebuild, never being entirely defeated.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Father Flynn’s Parables Essay

Father Flynn has a talent for telling a parable. He is forcefully open to specific events that he recently encounters. As the play opens he expresses main points in the theme using a parable, to teach a lesson of doubt, and to not fear doubt. This sermon foreshadows the dramatic ending to the conclusion of the play but throughout sets a tone for questioning each character and their opinion. As Father Flynn opens his first sermon with a question that insinuates doubt, by asking â€Å"What do you do when you’re not sure?† (p. 1939) I believe he is also asking the congregation to open their minds up to the fearful thoughts of someone who is isolated and doesn’t know where to turn for the right answer, because everything they have been taught has now brought them to a desperate and questionable place in their lives. He is seeking to bring them together even when they do not understand someone or a situation. He suggests despair can describe a type of doubt, and in despair, â€Å"Your bond with your fellow beings was your despair.† (p. 1939) The fear of doubt can isolate someone and seeking approval or guidance can be difficult when someone feels they are alone. He uses the example of â€Å"You seeing the world through a window. On the one side of the glass: happy, untroubled people. On the other side: you.† It is a difficult thing to hit a point in life and question everything you have ever been taught. The person that is growing into an individual with opinion and preferences is gradually realizing that the world isn’t black and white. There are rules that we follow in society or in a church community and as strict as those rules could be followed the human instinct to follow preference in life becomes more important. However, the fear of going against something that has always been taught to be the only way to achieve something in life or be successful in life can lead us back to the beginning. Where our roots began, which in this case Father Flynn uses the example in his first sermon where he says, â€Å"being of nautical discipline, turned his eyes to the heavens and read the stars.† (p.1939) At the moment that there is no clarity in the decisions that can be made in life the seriousness of doubting everything someone knows becomes so scary that they don’t know what to do after starting from the beginning and  still not getting results. When Father Flynn addresses that the sailor,† thought he was on course but there was no way to be certain†,(p.1939) the sailor is left in a state of doubt not only because there was no definitive way to be sure he was on the right path but also further questioning the thought process behind following stars and how reliable it truly wa s. Throughout doubting, unlike in the sailor’s case, Father Flynn encourages that bonding and not turning away from those who doubt circumstances in life is more gratifying than leaving one person isolated. The support, even if it is just one person, as we later see in the play, can be enough reassurance for someone to restore their faith, or make it through a difficult time. In Father Flynn’s second sermon there is no question about what and who he is addressing. The play has now escalated to confrontation about assumptions, and with those assumptions there have been many displays of doubt that is trying to be proven by Sister Aloysius. She believes that Father Flynn is a child molester and a certain child has been targeted because of his circumstances. He is very clear about this when he opens his sermon saying, â€Å"A woman was gossiping with a friend about a man she hardly knew.† (p.1955) Sister Aloysius has made very serious accusations about Father Flynn and he recognizes that her determination and the doubtfulness of the evidence that could go in his favor or against him put him in such a negative predicament that he has to protect himself. Not only does he now doubt her and her judgment of people because she does not see him for who is really is and trust him, but he now sees that she does not really know who he is as a person. He foreshadows Sister Aloysius’ doubt in this next comment from the sermon saying, â€Å"She was immediately seized with an overwhelming sense of guilt,†(p.1956) when she had a dream that the hand of God appeared over her and pointed down on her. Immediately the woman starts to doubt that she has been following the right path and God’s word and has to ask, â€Å"Is gossiping a sin?†(p.1956) This is something as Christian that anyone should know however the woman needs confirmation. Father Flynn later states that through gossip this woman has, â€Å"played fast and loose with his reputation, and you should be heartily ashamed!† Sister Aloysius could seriously ruin Father Flynn’s reputation which he recognized immediately.  She had no concern for him so she did not care what she said about him and how it could affect him and his reputation or even the truth of the matter she was trying to resolve. As a result of Sister Aloysius’ determination to get rid of Father Flynn not only does she not get the answers she needed to be sure of his behavior, she can only wonder that with his new promotion and new placement still in the priesthood that she could have been very wrong. Or maybe that she was right and he just knows how to work the system. Either way she still ends the play with doubt of her beliefs as Father Flynn continues on without doubt that he did well and handled the situation as best that he could. Work Cited Shanley, John Patrick. Doubt: A Parable. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 9th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. 1938-1969.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Language Background and the Speech Community

Being born in Russia, Russian is my native language. According to the Refugee Council, Russian is extensively used as a language for communication of all the Slavic languages. Statistically speaking, most people in the Russian Foundation and other independent federations are speakers of the Russian Language. (Refugee Council, 2008) Moreover, the Russian language is distinguished by the United Nations as one that belongs to the list of six official languages all over the world. (Today Translations, 2008) To illustrate the far-reaching influence of the Russian language, let us enumerate the countries with major Russian speaking populations, such as Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Moldova, not to mention Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russian is not considered as the official language in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, however it is popularly used in, most especially in business and government communications. Other countries, like Finland for example, also have a Russian speaking population composed of the minority inhabitants. (Infoplease, 2008) The Russian language does not follow a formal system or rules. It concentrates on the reproduction of sounds and stress that is stated in variation with the attached denotative or connotative meaning of the words in a statement. Russian language, together with the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages have emerged from the Slavonic language that originated from the East. (Today Translations, 2008) Since the Russian language is more focused on the phonetic aspect of speaking, the language is primarily based on the Russian alphabet or what historians call the Cyrillic Alphabet. Apparently, the alphabet originated not from Russia, but from Greece. The onset of Greek missions who happened to arrive at Istanbul proliferated the use of the Cyrillic alphabet that is primarily based on the Greek alphabet. Needless to say, the Russian language traces back its influences from Greece. (Orbislingua, 2008) I belong to a community that upholds discipline within the self and as a citizen of Russian and the maintenance of the good of all the citizens, not just oneself. Just like our political system, everything is organized and judged in our every day life according to what is good for all. Close relationships between others is evident in how we deal with others and our way of welcoming them with affectionate actions and gestures. In addition to this, most of us are cynical and distrustful. The uniqueness of the Russian language may be traced to the distinct sentence patterns and sounds and stress produced in speaking Russian. The structure of the sentences does not follow a particular rule or pattern, but is dependent on how the speaker wants to say it. For instance, to emphasize an adjective, it goes first in the sentence. On the other hand, if the noun is emphasized in the sentence, then it goes first. (Orbislingua, 2008) In addition, the use of articles, transitional or connecting phrases and words (such as is, are, a, an, the, etc.), does not really apply in speaking the Russian language. Therefore, if a native Russian speaker attempts to speak in English, then it would be difficult for native Russian speakers to create a complete and a grammatically sound and correct English statement due to certain deficiencies.   Furthermore, most consonants in the Russian language produce sounds that are almost similar to the â€Å"s† sound and utilizes the movement of the tongue in speaking. This greatly contributes to the unique nature and phonetic aspect of the use of the Russian Language. (Orbislingua, 2008) The similarities of the Russian language to the English language, for instance, is evident in the three tenses of English verbs that also applies to the verbs of the Russian language. At times, it also follows the order and structure of the sentences in the English language, however the Russian sentence order and structure is more accommodating to the situation in which two Russian speakers are talking. (Orbislingua, 2008) References Infoplease. (2008). Languages by Countries. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from HighBeam Orbislingua. (2008). Russian language. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Orbislingua.com. Website: http://www.orbislingua.com/eaha.htm Refugee Council. (2008). Language background of major refugee groups to UK. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Refugee Council. Website: http://languages.refugeecouncil.org.uk/top_navigation/Language_profiles.htm Today Translations. (2008). Russian Language History. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Today                  

Assignment Unit

This brings a number advantages and disadvantages. Advantages Disadvantages Increases motivation ( when somebody gets raised, other employees become motivated to work hard in order to prolong their career in the organization), this can also raise the productivity of a firm More cost effective Less time consuming People already familiar with the business and how it operates (which in turn saves costs for training staff) Business already knows the strengths and weaknesses of candidates.Higher amount of salaries to be paid Competition for better vacancy between employees may prevent them from efficient team work and so damage a firm Causes other vacancies in your organization to be filled May cause resentment amongst candidates not appointed Limits the number of potential applicants External Recruitment – is a process of filling existing job vacancies with people from outside of the organization.This also brings a number of advantages and disadvantages to the firm. Advantages Out side people may bring new creative ideas argue pool of workers from which to find the best candidate People from outside may have a wider range of experience Bringing in fresh talent from outside of the company roster can help motivate the current employees to achieve more in hopes of obtaining the next promotional opportunity. More time-consuming More expensive process due to advertising. Ewe staff trainings costs and interview required Selection process may occur to be not effective enough in order to reveal the lost candidate Job center – is a place where people who are looking for work can go to get advice on finding a job, and to look at advertisements placed by people who are looking for new employees. Reference: http://www. Illuminations. Com/dictionary/English/job-centre Recruitment agency – is a business that works for organizations to find people for jobs when the organizations need them.Reference: http:// Consultant – a person who is not employed by t he business, but brought in to provide advice. Applying for a job There are several ways Of how people could apply for a job. These include application online (e. G. Via email or by the professional en;irking site), by telephone conversation and in person. To apply for a job in CEQ candidates have first to fill in the application form including C.V. and references, they then deed to email a covering letter to the school.All the applicants will then be shortlist and some will be invited for an interview where the second stage of selection process takes place. To apply for a job to 02, people have to write a covering letter and send it via email or upload to the website where job advertisement is published. Then they need to ring the firm and talk to the firm's representative in order to find out more detailed information on the recruitment process for this particular job. Where CEQ advertises The college advertises its vacancies on their website and on the TEST website ND TEST newspa per.There is a significant benefit coming from advertising on the CEQ website as it is free and so enables all people who are interested in working for CEQ to look at information about the school and be aware of when a vacancy occurs. Advertising on the TEST website and their newspaper is expensive, however, it is a good value for money as it is a national newspaper and the website can be accessed internationally, and so CEQ will reach its target market The only disadvantage is the cost of advertising through TEST.The cost, though, should outweigh the number of applicants applying for a job. Internal recruitment for CEQ Internal recruitment in CEQ takes place when someone takes a maternity leave, when someone is promoted and the vacancy arises or when a cover needed (such as for long term sickness). There is also a possibility of transferring boarding staff or teachers from one place to another if his/her skills and specifications allow this to happen. So, for example, house parent of Sixth Form girls' boarding house with a time and experienced gained may become the Head of Sixth Form Girls.Such a high vacancy imposes more responsibilities and so requires a perfect understanding of all the school rules ND their application to student Therefore, internal recruitment occurs to be more suitable, as candidate is already familiar with his responsibilities. This method of recruitment is also much quicker, as it's easier to find suitable candidate, as they all have been through selection process. External recruitment for CEQ In order to recruit workers externally, CEQ can use the recruitment agencies (such as Hays Recruitment), this will help to choose suitable candidate from a variety of applications.It saves time, as the agency does the selection process part and then matches employers to employees. This method of recruitment ay be used in CEQ when the college decides to provide new subject, therefore qualified staff has to be hired. Also CEQ may recruit externally if it needs to expand its labor force, this usually happens when the number of students in school increases. New experienced candidates may bring new teaching techniques or creative ideas. However, External type of recruitment is more expensive, as advertising takes place through mass media.Internal recruitment for 02 02 is a large company and so has a huge number of employees, therefore it may be easier for 02 to recruit internally choosing from a wide range of its in- Tate applicants. This enables the firm to save time and money (e. G. Training costs), as the candidate is already familiar with the system and how it does work, so he can effectively work towards the aims and objectives of the company. 02 may also decide to promote an employee, therefore vacancy will arise and workers will become more motivated.External recruitment for 02 02 can recruit externally using a phone interviews in order to seek more applicants; it then needs to monitor candidates in order to narrow the nu mber of applicants who then will be invited for an interview. When needed o recruit externally 02 may place its advertisement in different job centers to attract potential worker's attention, it also may invite recruitment consultants in order to select an appropriate candidate for a job.Those consultants interview the candidates, check their backgrounds, whether they were involved in crime or not and finally match them to company. 3. Planning and conducting recruitment Vacancies may arise due to the number of reasons such as: Creation of new job position Promotion of an employee which may cause a chain reaction of vacancies down the hierarchy High unemployment rates Salary difference between the competitors. New business requirements Low productivity and big workload Lack of high-qualified workers.CEQ vacancies may arise when someone go on maternity leave or become promoted, a new subject may be introduced in the school, increasing number of students, staff may leave or be retired which causes a staff turnover. When a high turnover due to introducing new job titles takes place, CEQ is likely to recruit externally. Similarly, 02 may fill the jobs gaps by recruiting externally if someone has a long-time sickness or when the business is expanding. An example of recent job vacancy in CEQ: Reference: http://www. Jackboots. Co. UK/job/626096/chef/ Example of recent vacancy in 02: Reference: http://www. Ethologic. Com/Jobsharer/ Unintentionally. Asps? Job I d lye Candidates can apply for these vacancies online using the websites in the links. When matching themselves to the personal specification and satisfied with the job description, they will then upload their C.V. to the website and wait for the invitation for the interview to Come. 4. Conclusion Considering all the information found in the research, we can conclude that both external and internal methods of recruitment have their downsides at en time while can benefit the company at another.To my mind, the exte rnal recruitment is more suitable for 02 as it is the international company which has its franchised stores all around the world so due to geographical immobility of most part of its current workers they will need to recruit people from outside anyway. External recruitment is also linked with ass's aim to expand. While CEQ is the local business and so it's more likely to prefer to use internal method of recruitment in order to save money and time (for training and selection process) and have staffs with an experience of working for CEQ.However, there are also exceptions of the rule. So, whether to recruit externally or internally fully depends on the specific situation. So, it's really important to consider the aim of the firm, the type of the vacancy it needs to find the candidate for, it's time and financial resources to go through recruitment process when deciding which method of recruitment is more appropriate. Task 2 1. Introduction to the Business department 2013-14 Here Mrs. Bradford-Ryder -?The head of Business, Economics, CIT and Enterprise introduces the Business department 2013-2014.As we can see, a to of plans have been developed including changes in B ETC Business course structure. As a student I faced these changes when I first arrived to the school. The Business department grown rapidly due to the increasing number of students willing to take courses in a Business & Economics related areas. Staff had to be recruited internally, as some previous fill-time staff left for other jobs, a maternity leave had to be covered and also some of the staff have been promoted.Due to those changes the new system was introduced in order to keep up With the productivity of Business Department 2. Explanation of changes to the department and reasons behind the need to recruit staff internally and externally From these overprints we can see how Business department has experiencing changes in order to comply with development plan and achieve all of its targets. As th e number of students increased rapidly, they recruited externally new workers in order to expand their labor force and so to provide Economics and business lessons to all students who seek this .By introducing new job titles such as Key Stage 4 Student Progress Coordinator they became able to control and record student SUccess or help them to solve robber more effectively. Working with individuals will with a time which increases the productivity of the whole Key Stage. The promotion of staff (which is internal method of recruitment) will motivate other members of Department work more efficiently in order to experience promotion in future, high motivation may increases productive of work for the whole department. While internal recruitment took place, the new job gaps arose and caused the department to hire even more new workers.

Wednesday, August 14, 2019

An Overview of the Legitimization and the Improvement of Drug Rules in America

An Overview of the Legitimization and the Improvement of Drug Rules in America Reforming Americas Drug Policies. An extremely controversial question lingers among citizens and government officials of the United States today. Should drugs be legalized ? Is the War on Drugs working ? After thoroughly researching this topic and understanding each side of the argument, I can easily state that the War on Drugs is not working, and the United States government has taken the wrong approach on handling drugs in the United States. Although it may seem as a problematic solution to some Americans, the legalization (and regulation, of course) of drugs is the only way to solve the issues caused by the newly founded War on Drugs. Legalization will not only halt the wasteful, ineffective War on Drugs, but it will help the United States economy, and solve the over crowding problems in our jails and legal systems that are caused by this war that was begun for the nations public health(Harris 1). Despite the strong opposing arguments, many disagree with this opinion. Many people say the War on Drugs is working, and no benefits can result from legalizing drugs. Drugs are looked down upon, and some are known to be very dangerous, even lethal if abused. In addition, some say drug use rates would only increase if legalized, causing even more problems among our communities. Most people would assume drugs would be more readily available to our youth, and addicts would just be able to get the drugs they crave easier. It is easy to assume things such as this when hearing that legalization is the solution to our nations drug problems, but these assumptions are indeed wrong. When government and health officials in our country became aware of some of the problems certain drug users were going through, such as drug abuse, violence, and death, the officials in our government began to make more and more laws restricting drugs in the United States. These resulted in the prohibition of drugs, making all drugs illegal to posses, manufacture, or distribute (Schaffer 3). Then Nixon declared war on all drugs, and the War on Drugs began, becoming increasingly worse as the years progressed. Under Nixons orders, drug laws became stricter, and efforts were made to try and influence the American population not to do drugs. Lies and propaganda were used in commercials, while outrageous claims were being made to scare people away from drugs (Harris 2). Right away, problems were being caused. The US prison population was relatively stable from about 1926, when figures were first compiled, through 1970. After this point, the effects of Nixons war against drugs, and later t he Reagan and Bush war against drugs, produced a dramatic increase in the number of prisoners. (Schaffer 39). Today, this problem has progressed and has become even worse. There are currently about 1.5 million people in state and Federal prisons and jails throughout the United States. At the current time, at least 24 states are under Federal court orders to relieve prison overcrowding.(Schaffer 39) Despite these high numbers of prisoners that resulted from the War on Drugs, about 10 million Americans are casual drug users (Schaffer 4). These statistics clearly show that a large portion of Americans still use drugs, despite the strict laws that make them illegal. Despite the $15 billion spent on drug use prevention every year, most Americans agree that it is not working (Schaffer 5). American citizens are not the only ones holding the opinion that the war is not working. Official reports state that the war on drugs has reduced the American supply of drugs 10 to 15 percent. However, f ormer San Jose Police Chief Joseph McNamara told New York Magazine, Off the record, [the Drug Enforcement Agency says] its more like one percent.'(Schaffer 32). In addition to the War on Drugs being ineffective, the legalization of drugs will not only eliminate that problem, but it will eliminate other problems caused by the prohibition of drugs. One huge problem in our government today is the money wasted on trying to enforce these drug laws. Jails are also becoming overcrowded, clogging our court systems, and wasting even more money. Some people think that it is good that many convicts go to jail, because it eliminates the violence that supposedly is linked to illegal drugs. Violence is not linked to the use of illegal drugs, and it is only caused by the prohibition. Of all psychoactive substances, alcohol is the only one whose consumption has been shown to commonly increase aggression.(Harris 7). All major authorities agree that the vast majority of drug-related violent crime is caused by the prohibition against drugs, rather than the drugs themselves. This was the same situation which was true during alcohol Prohibition. Alcohol Prohibit ion gave rise to a violent criminal organization. Violent crime dropped 65 percent in the year Prohibition was repealed (Schaffer 12). It is obvious that the prohibition against drugs is the problem, and not the drugs themselves. The violence caused by prohibition is apparent in drug marketing, such as disputes among rival distributors, arguments and robberies involving buyers and sellers, property crimes committed to raise drug money and, more speculatively, social and economic interactions between the illegal markets and the surrounding communities (Schaffer 26). Additionally, the money spent each year on this war could be saved, and used more productively. If the governments of America didnt have to spend so much money on putting drug offenders in jail and making efforts to reduce drug use, they could more wisely use the money on putting more serious criminals in jail. The money could also be used to help more drug abusers with their problems. One way to save much of the money sp ent on the war would directly result from less citizens being put in jail for drug offences. State prisons are so crowded, that at least 24 states are under Federal court orders to relieve prison overcrowding. On average, it costs thirty thousand dollars a year to hold one prisoner in a jail (Schaffer 24). The cost to put a single drug dealer in jail is about $450,000. The same $450,000 can provide treatment or education for about 200 people. In addition, putting a person in prison produces about fifteen dollars in related welfare costs, for every dollar spent on incarceration. Every dollar spent on treatment and education saves about five dollars in related welfare costs. (Schaffer 19). Legalization clearly demonstrates benefits that outweigh any negative effect in this situation, and this can lead to making our communities much better places. Not only would the people of our country gain from legalization of drugs, but our countrys economy would as well. The best analysis done to date by any Federal official shows that legalization of the now illegal drugs would result in a net $37 Billion annual savings. This estimate is considered conservative. That is, it is likely that the savings would be more (Schaffer 18). One important substance that would aid in the boost of our economy is marijuana, or the hemp plant. Hemp is cheaper to produce than cotton, and has many more uses and benefits than cotton does. Growing hemp plants as a cash crop would provide many jobs, and prove to be a large, profitable industry (Gieringer 4). Not only will marijuana be used as a cash crop, but it can also be sold to many Americans, with regulations such as those for alcohol. Substances would be safe because they would come from plausible drug companies, it would eliminate dealers from trying to sell drugs, and it would also be taxable, generat ing money for the government. Marijuana legalization offers an important advantage over decriminalization in that it allows for legal distribution and taxation of cannabis.(Gieringer 5) Also, by eliminating dealers and placing regulations on the substance like those on alcohol, marijuana would also be harder for the youth to get a hold of (Gieringer 7). Altogether, legalization would save the taxpayers around $8 $16 billion, not counting the economic benefits of hemp agriculture and other spin-off industries (Gieringer 8). There are clear positive effects on our economy that could result from the legalization of drugs, or even marijuana alone. The legalization of drugs may seem to be a solution that would only cause more problems in our society, and it may seem that drug use would only increase. However, by making all drugs illegal, the government has taken the wrong approach on solving our nations drug issues. The War on Drugs has proven to only more problems in our society, and these problems can and should be eliminated. There are far too many benefits of legalizing drugs for our countrys laws to remain as they are. Not only is the drug war ineffective, but has caused our jails to become overcrowded. It has also brought violence among our nation with the drug traffickers that smuggle drugs into the country and distribute them. The sixty seven billion dollars that is spent each year on the war on drugs can be used more productively by solving many of our nations other problems, in turn making our country a better place to be.